Human	Anatomy and Physiology 241
Study Guide: Test #4

G. Brady / 2014 
SFCC Life Sciences

(Page numbers are for Tortora, 13th edition)

Chapter 12: Neural Tissue

1) 	Know the subdivisions of the nervous system: central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous system (PNS), cranial nerves, spinal nerves, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, Somatic nervous system (SNS), Autonomic nervous system (ANS)/sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS branches.
     P. 448-449.

2) 	Know the different types of Neuroglia cells and their function for both the CNS and PNS. Pages 454-456.

3) 	Know the histological structures associated with neurons and nerves listed on the nervous system list. P.450-452.

4)	   Know the classification of neurons: Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar.  Fig 12.3, P.452.

5) 	Know the difference between Gray and White matter. Also its location in the brain and spinal cord. Fig 12.9, P.458.

6) 	Understand the process of nerve conduction and the following terms associated with conduction: membrane potential, resting potential, current, leakage channels, voltage-gated ion channel, chemically-gated ion channels, polarized, depolarized, repolarized, graded potential, action potential, threshold stimulus, absolute refractory period, relative refractory period, propagation, All-or-None Principle, continuous conduction, and saltatory conduction.  Pages 458-472.

7)	   Understand the process of nerve action potential, transmission at nerve synapses. Also know the following concepts or structures associated with synapses: presynaptic neurons, postsynaptic neurons, synaptic cleft, synaptic end bulb, voltage-gated calcium channels, neurotransmitter receptors, EPSP, and IPSP. P.473-479.

8)	   Know the following neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. 
     P. 480.

   

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9)	Know the clinical terminology and disorders for Test #4.                       
See the clinical terminology document on the online syllabus. 

Chapter 13:  Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

1)	   Know the structures associated with spinal cord listed on the nervous system list. 

2)	   Know the arrangement of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord. Pages 493.

3)	   Understand what is meant by a reflex arc and know the components which fit together into a pathway: Sensory Receptor, sensory (afferent) neuron, integrating center, motor (efferent) neuron, and effector (Skeletal muscle). Page 514-515.

4)  	Know the basic pathways and the components of the following reflex arc:

patellar (stretch) reflex (p. 516) 
flexor (withdrawal) reflex (p. 518)                        

5)	   Know the components and connective tissue coverings of a spinal nerve: epineurium, perineurium, fascicle, endoneurium, nerve fiber.  Fig 13.5, P 501.

CHAPTER 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves

1)	   Know the structures associated with the brain listed on the nervous system list.

2) 	Know the structures associated with embryonic development of the brain: (primary and secondary vesicles): Table 14.1,
     P.501. 

Primary:	prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon 

Secondary: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon.

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3)	   Know where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced and the circulation pathway for CSF. Be sure to include the following structures: ependymal cells, choroid plexuses, Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramina, third ventricle, Cerbral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal, subarchnoid space, arachnoid villi, superior sagittal sinus. P. 531-535.

4)	   Know the following structures, and their function, associated with the brain stem:

Medulla Oblongata: cardiovascular center, medullary rhythmicity area, cranial nerves (IX, X, Xl, XII)P.536-538.

Pons: pneumotaxic area, apneustic area, cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII) P.538-540

Midbrain: corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculi), reticular activating system. P.538-539

5) 	Know the following structures, and their function, associated with the Diencephalon.
Pineal gland: melatonin  P. 546.

Thalamus: intermediate mass  P.543
 
Hypothalamus: mammillary bodies and infundibulum, and the chief functions of the hypothalamus  P.544-545

6)    Recognize the arbor vitae of the cerebellum and know the
    basic function of the cerebellum. P.541-542

7)	   Know the following structures, and their function, associated with the Cerebrum:
        
        Surface anatomy: cerebral cortex, gyri, sulci, longitudinal fissure, central sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, lateral cerebral sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus
     P.546-549
     Lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula P.549

Functional Areas: primary auditory area, auditory 
association area, primary visual area, visual association 
area, primary somatosensory area,somatosensory association
area, primary motor area, premotor area  P.552-555

Internal anatomy: corpus callosum, septum pellucidum
     Know the basic functions of the basal muclei and limbic 
     system.  P.548-549

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Chapter 14 (continued):  Cranial Nerves

1) Know the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number,   
type and location, and function.  (p.557-569).

2)	Review sensory and motor functions of the cranial nerves, especially those related to special senses (eye, ear, taste, touch, smell). Table 14.4, P.570 

Chapter 15:  The Autonomic Nervous System

1)	Understand the basic differences between the somatic and     
   autonomic nervous systems.  P.582-584

2)	Know the major activities, physiologic effects or actions of 
   the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS on 
   the organs of the body.   (See Table 15.4, page 598-599.)

Chapter 16: Sense Organs

1)	Know the different classifications of receptors (P.609)

2)	Be familiar with Referred pain and know the patterns of referred pain from the heart, liver, lungs and appendix.  See Fig 16.3, p.612.

General Senses:  

1) Identify receptors for the general senses and know how they function.  Receptors to know:

I. Mechanoreceptors (Table 16.1, p.615)
   a) tactile receptors
      1. Merkel's discs; (tactile disc)
      2. Meissner's corpuscles; (tactile corpuscle)
      3. Pacinian corpuscles;  (lamellated corpuscle)

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   b) proprioceptors (position and movement)
      1. muscle spindles;
      2. Golgi tendon organs

II. Nociceptors  (pain)

III. Thermoreceptors  (heat, cold)

IV. Chemoreceptors  (odor, taste)

V. Free nerve endings  (warm, cold, pain, itch, tickle)

Chapter 17: Special Senses

Smell:

1)	Know the structures associated with Olfactory sensations:  Olfactory epithelium, Olfactory nerves, Olfactory bulbs, Olfactory tract, Olfactory cortex located on inferior surface of each temporal lobe.  P.636-639.

2) Know the basic pathway for the formation of an olfactory 
   nerve impulse. (p.638-639)

Taste:  (p. 602-604)

1)	Know the structures associated with Gustatory receptors
   and the tongue: taste bud, gustatory hair, circumvallate   
   papillae, foliate papillae, and fungiform papillae. Also 
   filiform papillae which lack taste buds. P. 639-641.

2)	As covered in the lecture notes:      
      
   Know the mapping of the tongue for the four basic 
   tastes: Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet

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Vision:

1)	Know the accessory structures of the eye (p.642-644)

2)	Know the structures associated with eye: (surface  
   anatomy, internal anatomy, and histology of the retina).
   P. 645-650.

3)	Understand the following concepts associated with image formation
   by the eye: Refraction of light rays, Accommodation, 
   Presbyopia, Emmetropia, Myopia, Hypermetropia, Astigmatism, 
   Constriction of the pupil, Convergence.
   P.649-653.

4)	  Understand the physiology of photoreceptors:
a) The role of Photopigments; pages 653-655.
      b) Light and dark adaptation; page 654.
   
5)  Be able to trace the visual pathway from retinal              
    processing to the visual cortex of the brain.
    See Fig 17.17, P.657. 

6)  Be able to match the Clinical Terminology 
    with their definition: See online document.
    
Auditory:

1)	Know the structures associated with ear (External surface anatomy, middle ear anatomy, internal ear anatomy, and anatomy of the cochlea  (P. 658-663)

2)  Understand the physiology of hearing; in other words,
    know how mechanical sound waves are transmitted and 
    converted into a nerve impulse  (P. 664-665)

Equilibrium:
 
1)	 Know the structures of the inner ear associated with
 Equilibrium and understand their physiology:
 (Saccule, Utricle and Semicircular ducts) P. 665-670.

THE END!